“地球是人类的摇篮，但是人类不能永远生活在摇篮里，开始他们将小心翼翼地穿出大气层，然后去征服太阳系。” －－康斯坦丁·齐奥尔科夫斯基
康斯坦丁·齐奥尔科夫斯基是俄国科学家，现代宇航学奠基人 ，被称为“航天之父”。他的这句名言告诉我们：只要人类可以仰望星空，就绝不会甘于禁锢在地球上，人类迟早会征服太阳系，并且还会走得更远，因为我们的目标是璀璨星辰。多少人为了实现奔向太空的梦想，去努力，去拼搏。
世界上第一位进入太空的人是前苏联的宇航员尤里·阿列克谢耶维奇·加加林，也是第一个从太空中看到地球全貌的人，在宇航界大名鼎鼎，无人不晓。1961年4月12日莫斯科时间上午9时07分，加加林乘坐东方1号宇宙飞船从拜科努尔发射场起航，在最大高度为301公里的轨道上绕地球一周，历时1小时48分钟，于上午10时55分安全返回，降落在萨拉托夫州斯梅洛夫卡村地区，完成了世界上首次载人宇宙飞行，实现了人类进入太空的愿望。
而艾伦·谢泼德，美国第一位进入太空的宇航员在世界上（美国除外）就不那么为人所知，就和中国进入太空第一人杨利伟一样，可是在国内却是大名鼎鼎，无人不知，无人不晓。
艾伦·谢泼德（1923年11月18日—1998年7月21日），出生于美国新罕布什尔州德里，美国宇航员，1961年5月5日乘坐“自由7号”宇宙飞船遨游太空，是美国第一位进入太空的宇航员。
艾伦·谢泼德进入太空比加加林仅仅晚了不到一个月，却痛失世界第一，好比人们都知道地球上最高的山峰是珠穆朗玛峰，地球上第二高峰乔戈里峰却不被人们所熟知，第二永远淹没在第一的光辉之下。好在艾伦·谢泼德是第一个进入太空的美国宇航员，终于夺得了一个第一。
艾伦·谢泼德是随着美国实施“水星计划”而登上宇宙航行进入太空的舞台。
水星计划是美国第一个载人航天计划，原本由美国空军主导，后转由当时新成立的美国国家航空航天局负责。该计划的目标是向太空发射搭载宇航员的航天器并安全返回——而且最好先于苏联完成这一目标。水星计划自1958年10月7日开始正式实施，期间招募了美国第一批宇航员（7名），其中就包括艾伦·谢泼德。
新罕布什尔州德里出生的艾伦· 谢泼德于1941年从法拉古海军上将学校毕业，1944年在美国海军学院获得科学学士学位。1957年从海军战争学院毕业后，艾伦·谢泼德加入了美国海军，在克格斯韦尔号驱逐舰（DD-651）上服役。1947年艾伦·谢泼德成为了一名飞行员，后来加入了第42飞行中队，曾随航空母舰在地中海执行过几次任务。1950年，艾伦·谢泼德开始在美国海军试飞员学校的学习；第二年毕业后，他曾试飞过一些新型飞机，对不同高度的飞行表现、海军的空中加油设备以及航空母舰的斜角飞行甲板进行了测试。之后，他被分配到193飞行中队，在奥里斯坎尼号航空母舰上短暂服役。作为试飞员，艾伦·谢泼德曾飞过F3H“恶魔”、F8U“十字军”、F4D“天光”、F11F“虎”以及F5D“飞行骑兵”型飞机，并曾在试员学校担任过五个月的教官。它的飞行时间达到了8000小时，其中3700小时飞的是喷气式飞机。
1959年，新成立的美国国家航空航天局邀请110名试飞员进行测试，艾伦·谢泼德也是其中一员。经过高强度的筛选，艾伦·谢泼德和其他六名试飞员被选为了美国的第一批宇航员。
1961年5月5日，艾伦·谢泼德执行自由7号时成为了第一个进入太空的美国宇航员，也是人类 历史 上第二个。这次任务使用红石火箭，飞行高度达到了约187千米，降落点距发射地点约486千米。与加加林不同，艾伦·谢泼德整个任务中都负责驾驶航天器。航天器在太空停留了15分钟。
返回地球后，艾伦·谢泼德成为了民族英雄，曾在华盛顿、纽约和洛杉矶的游行中受到盛大的欢迎，并被肯尼迪总统接见。
1963年6月13日水星-大力神10号被取消后，艾伦·谢泼德被安排担任指令飞行员，与托马斯·斯塔福德一道执行双子星计划中的首次任务。1964年初，艾伦·谢泼德被诊断出了美尼尔氏综合症，导致他的耳朵变得非常敏感，很容易导致眩晕和耳鸣。这使得艾伦·谢泼德被禁飞，斯塔福德也失去了搭档（两人组合不能被拆散）。双子星计划的首次载人任务双子星3号由维吉尔·格里森和约翰·杨执行。
1963年，艾伦·谢泼德得到了一个新的职位——宇航员办公室主任，负责安排、协调、控制宇航员的活动，监督宇航员的训练过程，听取宇航员们对航天器的意见并帮助改进，以及对各次任务的计划，组织和宇航员选择过程。之后几年他一直没有飞过任务。
1969年5月，做过耳部手术的艾伦·谢泼德经过大量的训练重新达到了宇航员的身体标准。他原本会担任阿波罗13号的指令长，但航空航天局认为他还需要一些时间进一步恢复。他和搭档艾德加·米切尔与斯图尔特·罗萨最终执行了阿波罗14号任务，13号交给了吉姆·洛威尔、肯·马丁利和弗莱德·海斯。
1971年2月9日，作为当时年龄最大的宇航员，47岁的艾伦·谢泼德第二次进入太空。2月5日，阿波罗14号安全降落在弗拉·毛罗高地，这是 历史 上第三次成功的登月任务。去月球途中，三名宇航员完成了航天史上首次彩色电视转播。在月球表面，尽管厚重的太空服和手套很不方便，艾伦·谢泼德还是打了高尔夫球；他一共打了两杆，第二杆把球打得“很远很远很远”。
艾伦·谢泼德是一个精明的商人，还在航空航天局时就已经是百万富翁。退役后，他创办了七—十四公司（以他的两次任务命名），曾在几家公司的董事会任职。1988年，艾伦·谢泼德和迪克·斯雷顿一起写了《月球之旅：美国去月球的内部故事》，1994年被拍成电视剧。
1998年7月21日，艾伦·谢泼德在加利福尼亚州圆石滩去世。他的遗孀路易斯·布鲁尔五个星期后也去世。二人育有两个女儿，劳拉（1947年出生）和朱丽安娜（1951年出生），并收养了一个侄女爱丽丝（1951年出生）。劳拉和朱丽安娜各有一女一子，爱丽丝有一子一女。
艾伦·谢泼德是美国水星计划的第一批宇航员，执行自由7号时成为了第一个进入太空的美国宇航员，并受到时任美国总统肯尼迪的接见。曾获得过包括国会太空荣誉奖章、航空航天局杰出服务奖章、航空航天局优异成就奖章在内的许多奖章。美国前总统克林顿称赞艾伦·谢泼德是“我们最伟大的宇航员之一”。
艾伦·谢泼德作为第一位进入太空的美国人，这位宇航先驱用无线电向地球发回话语：“多么美丽的景色啊”。
托福TPO是我们托福阅读的重要参考资料，为了方便大家备考，下面我给大家整理了托福TPO1阅读文本及题目答案Part2，希望大家喜欢。
托福TPO7阅读原文Part1
The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?
Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean?
With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
The salt and gypsum, the faunal changes, and the unusual gravel provided abundant evidence that the Mediterranean was once a desert.
gypsum: a mineral made of calcium sulfate and water
Paragraph 1: In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?
托福TPO7阅读题目Part1
1. The word"objective" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○achievement
○requirement
○purpose
○feature
2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?
○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.
○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean's invertebrates.
○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.
○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.
Paragraph 3: With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.
3. What does the author imply by saying"Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the
pebbles came from the nearby continent"?
○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.
○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.
○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.
○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.
4.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
○Volcanic rock fragments.
○Thin silt layers
○Soft, deep-sea mud
○Crystalline salt
6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan
○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger
○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor
○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition
Paragraph 4: The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scoresof invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.
7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean's waters?
○The movements of Earth's crust
○The accumulation of sediment layers
○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○Changes in Earth's temperature
8. The word"scores" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○members
○large numbers
○populations
○different types
9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?
○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival
○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic
○The migration of new species through the narrow straits
○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
11. The word"Turbulent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Fresh
○Deep
○Violent
○Temperate
Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger's scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.
Where would the sentence best fit?
13.Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean's history.
●
●
●
Answer choices
○The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features.
○Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.
○Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.
○Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers.
○Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and become a desert, before it refilled with water.
○Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.
托福TPO7 阅读答案 Part1
参考答案：
1.○ 3
2.○ 2
3.○ 1
4.○ 1
5.○ 2, 4
6.○ 1
7.○ 1
8○ 2
9.○ 4
10.○ 2
11.○ 3
12.○ 3
13. The Glomar Challenger
Samples recovered from
Evidence collected by
托福TPO7阅读原文翻译Part1
参考翻译：地中海的地质历史
1970年，地理学家Kenneth J. Hsu 和 William B.F. Ryan在海洋调查船Glomar Challenger号上收集调研资料。这次特别巡航的一个目的是调查地中海的地层以及解决关于其地质历史的问题。其中一个问题是有关地中海地区无脊椎动物(没有脊椎的动物)于600万年前发生剧变的证据。大部分更加古老的生物都几乎灭绝了，尽管一些顽强的种类得以生存。很少的一些动物成功地迁移到了大西洋。不久后，这些动物又回来了，并带回来新的物种。为什么这次较近的动物灭绝和迁移会发生呢?
Glomar Challenger号上科学家们的另一个任务是尝试去确定深埋在地中海海底穹顶状巨块的起源。这些结构在早些年被回声探测器探测过，但是它们从未被钻探过。它们是像美国墨西哥海湾海岸一带的含盐穹顶状巨块吗?如果是的话，为什么在地中海海底之下会有这么多固体的结晶盐呢?
带着这些清楚摆在他们面前的问题，科学家们登上Glomar Challenger号前往地中海寻找答案。1970年8月23日，他们找到了一个样本。这个样本由石膏块和火山岩碎块组成。周围没有发现一块能说明这些小石头来自附近的大陆。接下来的日子里，随着海底岩层钻探实验的进行，固体石膏样本被不断地放在甲板上。而且，这些膏状物的组成和结构特性表明它们形成于沙漠。在石膏层上下的沉积物中包含了微小的海洋生物化石，说明了这是开放性的海洋环境。当钻到地中海盆地中心的最深处时，科学家们从钻管中获得了坚实的、光亮的结晶盐。跟结晶盐嵌在一起的薄层像是被风吹起的泥沙层。
时间阐明了一个假设。调查者们构思了这样的理论：大约2 000万年前，地中海是一条宽阔的航道，它通过两条狭窄的海峡与大西洋连接。地壳运动封闭了海峡，被陆地包围的地中海也开始蒸发。由蒸发引起的越来越高的盐度造成无脊椎动物种类的灭绝。只有一些能抵抗高盐度条件的物种保留下来。随着蒸发的继续进行，盐水浓度太高以致硬地层的硫酸钙发生沉淀。在盆地的中间深处，剩余盐水的持续蒸发形成更多的可溶的氯化钠(盐)。后来，在上层沉淀物的重压下，盐向上形成了含盐的圆顶。然而在这之前，地中海是一个3 000米深的大沙漠。然后，550万年前发生了洪水。作为地壳调整和断层作用的结果，现在连接地中海和大西洋的直布罗陀海峡打开了，水流像瀑布一样壮观地涌回地中海。湍急的水流冲击并摧毁了坚硬的含盐层，把它们磨成了Challenger号获得的第一份样本中人们所观察到的鹅卵石。随着盆地的填充，普通的海洋生物又回来了。不久后海洋软泥层开始在原先的硬地层上堆积。
盐、石膏、动物区系的变更，还有不寻常的沙砾层都为地中海曾经是片沙漠的理论提供了充分的证据。
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